Bench Geometry

The physical dimensions and configuration of mining benches in an open pit, including bench height, width, face angle, berm width, and overall slope angle. Bench geometry is determined by geotechnical analysis of rock mass strength, discontinuity orientation, equipment requirements, and regulatory standards. Optimal bench geometry balances safe slope angles with ore recovery and mining efficiency. In hard rock gold and iron ore mines, bench heights of 10–15 metres are typical, while softer bauxite laterite mines may use lower bench heights.